Le kyste de la bifurcation buccale : le traitement non chirurgical est-il une option?

Le kyste de la bifurcation buccale (KBB) mandibulaire a été décrit pour la première fois par Stoneman et Worth en 1983. Il s'agit d'une lésion à un endroit spécifique, généralement à la surface buccale de la première molaire de la mandibule et, plus rarement, à celle de la deuxième molaire de la mandibule. La littérature offre de nombreux comptes rendus décrivant le KBB et son traitement. Jusqu'à présent, le traitement préconisé comprend l'extraction de la première molaire atteinte ainsi que la marsupialisation et l'énucléation du kyste. Dans leur dernier article, Pompura, Sàndor et Stoneman parlent du traitement réussi de 44 kystes avec énucléation, mais sans extraction de la dent. Cet article explique les caractéristiques diagnostiques du KBB et présente trois cas avec en tout cinq kystes qui ont été traités sans procédures chirurgicales et qui ont fini par être guéris. Aussi les auteurs proposent-ils de songer à une méthode non chirurgicale plus conservatrice.

Mots clés MeSH:mandibular diseases/pathology; molar child; periodontal cyst/pathology.

© J Can Dent Assoc 1998; 64:712-6
Cet article a fait l'objet d'une révision par des pairs.

[ Introduction | Cases | Discussion] 

Introduction

The buccal bifurcation cyst (BBC) is an uncommon lesion associated with the permanent mandibular first or second molar in children. Usually it is identified just prior to eruption. Stoneman and Worth in 1983 were the first to describe the lesion and report its radiographic and clinical features.¹ They named the lesion mandibular infected buccal cyst. Similar lesions have been described in the literature under a variety of names. They include the circumferential dentigerous cyst,² the inflammatory paradental cyst,3 and the inflammatory collateral dental cyst.⁴ The World Health Organization⁵ describes this lesion under the name "paradental cyst." Neville, Damm and Allen et al. state that this latter name should be avoided because it is non-specific.⁶ Pompura, Sàndor and Stoneman⁷ argue for the term BBC, because the lesion is site- and age- specific. It has a constant relationship to the mandibular first molar's buccal bifurcation (Table I).

The radiographic presentation of the BBC may be subtle and easily overlooked unless the lesion is large or symptomatic. If a BBC is suspected, a panoramic or periapical radiograph should be taken as well as an occlusal film (Fig. 1).¹ The BBC's distinct radiographic features are listed in Table II.

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Cases

Case 1

During an orthodontic consultation, an 8-year-old male was noted to have bilateral cystic lesions of the mandible. He was asymptomatic, but on intraoral examination buccal tilting of the associated teeth and deep buccal periodontal pockets were noted. Mild bilateral swelling was noted extraorally. The lesions were pointed out to the patient and his mother, who were advised to see an oral and maxillofacial surgeon for management.

The family moved away for a year and never sought treatment. At a follow-up visit 15 months later, the lesions showed definite signs of radiographic resolution. Six months after this initial follow-up, there was no clinical or radiographic evidence of the cysts at all (Figs. 2a-2f).

Case 2

A 9-year-old male had BBCs associated with teeth 3.6 and 4.6. These teeth were tilted buccally and were associated with deep buccal periodontal pockets. No treatment was rendered. During nine months of follow-up, the cyst adjacent to tooth 4.6 enlarged and required surgical treatment, and the cyst adjacent to tooth 3.6 regressed without treatment (Figs. 3a-3d).

Case 3

A 7-year-old male was treated by his physician with a course of amoxicillin for pain and swelling of the mandible and was subsequently referred to his dentist. On examination, the patient had swelling and tenderness in the region of the right angle of the mandible. Intraorally, the soft tissues buccal to teeth 3.6 and 4.6 were inflamed and slightly erythematous. Periodontal probing revealed depths of 11 mm to 12 mm bucally. Both crowns were tilted buccally. The pockets were irrigated with saline and hydrogen peroxide and the patient was instructed to irrigate these areas at home daily with saline rinses. The patient was reassessed weekly. Over several months, the defects resolved with irrigation and the periodontal status returned to normal. The probing depths were 2 mm to 3 mm buccally, and the patient's pain, swelling and inflammation ceased (Figs. 4a-4d).

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Discussion

The etiology of the BBC remains uncertain. Different theories have been proposed. During eruption, as the cusps penetrate the oral epithelium, a localized area of inflammation may occur beneath the epithelial attachment. The fact that the mesiobuccal cusp of the first molar is the first to break through the epithelium might explain the development of the lesion on the buccal surface at about the time of eruption.¹ The cystic epithelium may be derived from the cell rests of Serres, the cell rests of Malassez, apical migration of cells of the dental lamina or reduced enamel epithelium.7 As Camarda, Pham and Forest8 state, however, this explanation does not account for the reason these lesions have not been seen with erupting incisors. Another hypothesis is simply that this cyst is a variant of the lateral periodontal cyst.¹ This lesion is also site-specific, namely to the canine and premolar region, and rarely occurs in children.⁷ Enamel projections into the buccal bifurcation may also be a causative factor.

Pompura, Sàndor and Stoneman point out that these lesions are not seen in adults and questioned whether they may be self-limiting.⁷ Evidence from these three patients with five cysts indicates that some of these lesions are self-limiting. The authors speculate that perhaps microtrauma and subsequent inflammation of the buccal gingival tissues and the cyst lining may induce a small opening into the lesion. This "automarsupialization" may allow the cyst to depressurize and heal spontaneously. Periodontal probing may also result in "micromarsupialization." Case 2 illustrates simultaneous regression of a lesion on one side and continued growth of a BBC on the contralateral side. Factors that predict which lesions may be more susceptible to spontaneous resolution are unknown. Although there are no guidelines on which cysts need to be watched and which require surgical treatment, the authors emphasize that at least some BBCs may not require surgery. Consideration should therefore be given to managing BBC cases conservatively with an expectant "watchful inactivity." Clinical and radiographic re-evaluation should occur at three- to six-month intervals. Infected lesions or those increasing in size must be managed surgically.

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Acknowledgment: the authors thank Dr. M. Dagenais for her radiographic contribution to this paper.

Dr. David is resident, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Toronto.

Dr. Sàndor is coordinator of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and Bloorview MacMillan Centre; director, graduate residency program in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Toronto Hospital; and assistant professor, University of Toronto.

Dr. Stoneman is professor emeritus, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto; and consultant oral radiologist, Hospital for Sick Children and The Toronto Hospital.

Reprint requests to: Dr. G.K.B. Sàndor, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8.

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References

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